OpenAI Whisper Tutorial: Complete Guide to Speech-to-Text Transcription

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What Is OpenAI Whisper?

Key Features

• Multilingual support - 99+ languages
• Speech-to-text transcription - Convert audio to text
• Speech translation - Translate speech directly to English
• Language detection - Automatically detects spoken language
• Timestamp generation - Word and segment-level timestamps
• Open-source and free - MIT license, no API costs
• Offline capable - Runs locally on your machine
• Multiple formats - Supports various audio/video formats

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Whisper Model Sizes Explained

Model	Parameters	Speed	Accuracy	Memory	Use Case
tiny	39M	⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐	⭐⭐	~1 GB	Fast testing, demos
base	74M	⭐⭐⭐⭐	⭐⭐⭐	~1 GB	Simple audio, quick tasks
small	244M	⭐⭐⭐	⭐⭐⭐⭐	~2 GB	General use, balanced
medium	769M	⭐⭐	⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐	~5 GB	Noisy audio, high accuracy
large	1550M	⭐	⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐	~10 GB	Best accuracy, production

• For speed: Use tiny or base
• For balance: Use small or medium
• For accuracy: Use large or large-v3
• For production: Most use medium or large-v2

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Prerequisites

• Python 3.8 or later (Python 3.9+ recommended)
• pip package manager
• FFmpeg installed (for audio/video processing)
• (Optional) NVIDIA GPU with CUDA for faster processing
• (Optional) 4GB+ RAM for base model, 10GB+ for large model

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Step 1: Installation

Install Whisper

pip install openai-whisper

pip install openai-whisper==20231117

Install FFmpeg

brew install ffmpeg

sudo apt update
sudo apt install ffmpeg

1. Download FFmpeg from ffmpeg.org
2. Extract and add to your system PATH
3. Or use: choco install ffmpeg (with Chocolatey)

ffmpeg -version
whisper --version

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Step 2: Basic Usage - Python

Simple Transcription

import whisper

# Load model (downloads automatically on first use)
model = whisper.load_model("base")

# Transcribe audio file
result = model.transcribe("audio.mp3")

# Print transcription
print(result["text"])

Hello everyone, welcome to today's meeting. We will discuss the project timeline and upcoming milestones.

Complete Example with Error Handling

import whisper
import os

def transcribe_audio(audio_path, model_size="base"):
    """
    Transcribe an audio file using Whisper.
    
    Args:
        audio_path (str): Path to the audio file
        model_size (str): Whisper model size (tiny, base, small, medium, large)
    
    Returns:
        dict: Transcription result with text and segments
    """
    try:
        # Check if audio file exists
        if not os.path.exists(audio_path):
            raise FileNotFoundError(f"Audio file not found: {audio_path}")
        
        # Load the Whisper model
        print(f"Loading Whisper model: {model_size}")
        model = whisper.load_model(model_size)
        
        # Transcribe the audio
        print(f"Transcribing: {audio_path}")
        result = model.transcribe(audio_path)
        
        print(f"✓ Transcription complete!")
        print(f"  Language: {result['language']}")
        print(f"  Duration: {result['segments'][-1]['end']:.2f}s")
        
        return result
    
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"Error during transcription: {str(e)}")
        return None

# Example usage
if __name__ == "__main__":
    audio_file = "meeting.mp3"
    result = transcribe_audio(audio_file, model_size="base")
    
    if result:
        print("\n" + "="*50)
        print("TRANSCRIPTION:")
        print("="*50)
        print(result["text"])

---

Step 3: Language Detection and Specification

Auto-Detect Language

import whisper

model = whisper.load_model("base")
result = model.transcribe("audio.mp3")

print(f"Detected language: {result['language']}")
print(f"Language probability: {result.get('language_probability', 0):.2%}")
print(f"\nTranscription:\n{result['text']}")

Specify Language (Faster and More Accurate)

import whisper

model = whisper.load_model("base")

# Specify language
result_en = model.transcribe("audio.mp3", language="en")  # English
result_zh = model.transcribe("audio.mp3", language="zh")   # Chinese
result_es = model.transcribe("audio.mp3", language="es")  # Spanish
result_fr = model.transcribe("audio.mp3", language="fr")  # French
result_de = model.transcribe("audio.mp3", language="de")  # German
result_ja = model.transcribe("audio.mp3", language="ja")   # Japanese

print(result_en["text"])

• en - English
• zh - Chinese
• es - Spanish
• fr - French
• de - German
• ja - Japanese
• ko - Korean
• pt - Portuguese
• ru - Russian
• it - Italian

---

Step 4: Timestamps and Segments

Access Segments with Timestamps

import whisper

model = whisper.load_model("base")
result = model.transcribe("audio.mp3")

# Print full transcription
print("Full Text:")
print(result["text"])

# Print segments with timestamps
print("\n" + "="*50)
print("Segments with Timestamps:")
print("="*50)

for segment in result["segments"]:
    start = segment["start"]
    end = segment["end"]
    text = segment["text"].strip()
    print(f"[{start:6.2f}s - {end:6.2f}s] {text}")

Full Text:
Hello everyone, welcome to today's meeting. We will discuss the project timeline.

==================================================
Segments with Timestamps:
==================================================
[  0.00s -   5.20s] Hello everyone, welcome to today's meeting.
[  5.20s -  12.50s] We will discuss the project timeline.

Format Timestamps as Timecode

def format_timestamp(seconds):
    """Format seconds to HH:MM:SS."""
    hours = int(seconds // 3600)
    minutes = int((seconds % 3600) // 60)
    secs = int(seconds % 60)
    return f"{hours:02d}:{minutes:02d}:{secs:02d}"

for segment in result["segments"]:
    start_time = format_timestamp(segment["start"])
    end_time = format_timestamp(segment["end"])
    print(f"[{start_time} - {end_time}] {segment['text']}")

Word-Level Timestamps

import whisper

model = whisper.load_model("base")

result = model.transcribe(
    "audio.mp3",
    word_timestamps=True  # Enable word-level timestamps
)

for segment in result["segments"]:
    print(f"\n[{segment['start']:.2f}s - {segment['end']:.2f}s]")
    print(f"Text: {segment['text']}")
    
    # Word-level timestamps
    if "words" in segment:
        print("Words:")
        for word in segment["words"]:
            print(f"  {word['word']} [{word['start']:.2f}s - {word['end']:.2f}s]")

---

Step 5: Speech Translation

import whisper

model = whisper.load_model("base")

# Translate to English (regardless of source language)
result = model.transcribe("spanish_audio.mp3", task="translate")

print("Translated to English:")
print(result["text"])

# Original transcription (in original language)
result_original = model.transcribe("spanish_audio.mp3", task="transcribe")
print("\nOriginal language transcription:")
print(result_original["text"])

• International meetings
• Multilingual content processing
• Content localization
• Language learning materials

---

Step 6: Advanced Parameters

Temperature and Beam Size

import whisper

model = whisper.load_model("base")

result = model.transcribe(
    "audio.mp3",
    temperature=0.0,        # Lower = more deterministic (0.0 recommended)
    beam_size=5,            # Higher = more accurate but slower (default: 5)
    best_of=5,              # Number of candidates to consider
    patience=1.0,           # Beam search patience
    condition_on_previous_text=True,  # Use context from previous segments
    initial_prompt="This is a technical meeting about AI and machine learning."  # Context prompt
)

Temperature Values

• temperature=0.0 - Most deterministic, recommended
• temperature=0.2-0.4 - Slightly more variation
• temperature=1.0 - More creative, less accurate

Initial Prompt for Context

result = model.transcribe(
    "technical_meeting.mp3",
    initial_prompt="This meeting discusses API endpoints, microservices, Kubernetes, and CI/CD pipelines."
)

result = model.transcribe(
    "medical_audio.mp3",
    initial_prompt="This is a medical consultation discussing patient symptoms and treatment options."
)

---

Step 7: Command Line Interface (CLI)

Basic CLI Usage

whisper audio.mp3

Specify Model

whisper audio.mp3 --model small
whisper audio.mp3 --model medium
whisper audio.mp3 --model large-v2

Specify Language

whisper audio.mp3 --language en
whisper audio.mp3 --language zh

Output Formats

# SRT subtitles
whisper audio.mp3 --output_format srt

# VTT subtitles
whisper audio.mp3 --output_format vtt

# Text file
whisper audio.mp3 --output_format txt

# JSON (with all metadata)
whisper audio.mp3 --output_format json

# TSV (tab-separated values)
whisper audio.mp3 --output_format tsv

Advanced CLI Options

# Full example with all options
whisper audio.mp3 \
  --model medium \
  --language en \
  --task transcribe \
  --output_format srt \
  --output_dir ./transcripts \
  --verbose True \
  --temperature 0.0 \
  --beam_size 5 \
  --best_of 5 \
  --fp16 True

CLI Options Reference

Option	Description	Default
--model	Model size (tiny, base, small, medium, large)	base
--language	Language code (en, zh, es, etc.)	Auto-detect
--task	transcribe or translate	transcribe
--output_format	Output format (txt, srt, vtt, json, tsv)	txt
--output_dir	Output directory	Current directory
--temperature	Temperature for sampling	0.0
--beam_size	Beam size for beam search	5
--best_of	Number of candidates	5
--fp16	Use FP16 precision (GPU)	True
--verbose	Print verbose output	False

---

Step 8: Supported Audio & Video Formats

Supported Formats

• Audio: MP3, WAV, M4A, FLAC, OGG, AAC, WMA
• Video: MP4, AVI, MKV, MOV, WebM, FLV
• Streaming: Can process audio streams

Format Examples

import whisper

model = whisper.load_model("base")

# Audio formats
model.transcribe("audio.mp3")
model.transcribe("audio.wav")
model.transcribe("audio.m4a")
model.transcribe("audio.flac")

# Video formats (extracts audio automatically)
model.transcribe("video.mp4")
model.transcribe("video.mkv")
model.transcribe("video.webm")

---

Step 9: Complete Production Example

import whisper
import json
from pathlib import Path
from datetime import datetime

class WhisperTranscriber:
    """Production-ready Whisper transcription service."""
    
    def __init__(self, model_size="base"):
        """Initialize transcriber with specified model."""
        print(f"Loading Whisper model: {model_size}")
        self.model = whisper.load_model(model_size)
        print("✓ Model loaded successfully")
    
    def transcribe_file(self, audio_path, output_dir="transcripts", **kwargs):
        """
        Transcribe audio file and save results.
        
        Args:
            audio_path: Path to audio file
            output_dir: Directory to save outputs
            **kwargs: Additional transcribe parameters
        """
        audio_path = Path(audio_path)
        if not audio_path.exists():
            raise FileNotFoundError(f"Audio file not found: {audio_path}")
        
        output_path = Path(output_dir)
        output_path.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
        
        print(f"\nTranscribing: {audio_path.name}")
        
        # Transcribe
        result = self.model.transcribe(
            str(audio_path),
            word_timestamps=True,
            **kwargs
        )
        
        # Prepare output data
        output_data = {
            "file": str(audio_path),
            "transcribed_at": datetime.now().isoformat(),
            "language": result["language"],
            "language_probability": result.get("language_probability", 0),
            "duration": result["segments"][-1]["end"] if result["segments"] else 0,
            "text": result["text"],
            "segments": result["segments"]
        }
        
        # Save outputs
        base_name = audio_path.stem
        
        # Save as text
        text_file = output_path / f"{base_name}.txt"
        with open(text_file, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
            f.write(result["text"])
        
        # Save as JSON
        json_file = output_path / f"{base_name}.json"
        with open(json_file, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
            json.dump(output_data, f, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False)
        
        # Save as SRT
        srt_file = output_path / f"{base_name}.srt"
        self._save_srt(result["segments"], srt_file)
        
        print(f"✓ Transcription saved:")
        print(f"  - Text: {text_file}")
        print(f"  - JSON: {json_file}")
        print(f"  - SRT: {srt_file}")
        
        return output_data
    
    def _save_srt(self, segments, output_path):
        """Save segments as SRT subtitle file."""
        with open(output_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
            for i, segment in enumerate(segments, start=1):
                start = self._format_srt_time(segment["start"])
                end = self._format_srt_time(segment["end"])
                text = segment["text"].strip()
                f.write(f"{i}\n{start} --> {end}\n{text}\n\n")
    
    def _format_srt_time(self, seconds):
        """Format seconds to SRT timestamp."""
        hours = int(seconds // 3600)
        minutes = int((seconds % 3600) // 60)
        secs = int(seconds % 60)
        millis = int((seconds % 1) * 1000)
        return f"{hours:02d}:{minutes:02d}:{secs:02d},{millis:03d}"

# Usage
if __name__ == "__main__":
    transcriber = WhisperTranscriber(model_size="base")
    
    result = transcriber.transcribe_file(
        "meeting.mp3",
        output_dir="transcripts",
        language="en",
        temperature=0.0
    )
    
    print(f"\nLanguage: {result['language']}")
    print(f"Duration: {result['duration']:.2f}s")
    print(f"\nTranscription preview:")
    print(result['text'][:200] + "...")

---

Step 10: Best Practices

1. Choose the Right Model

# For speed (testing, demos)
model = whisper.load_model("tiny")

# For balance (general use)
model = whisper.load_model("base")  # or "small"

# For accuracy (production)
model = whisper.load_model("medium")  # or "large-v2"

2. Specify Language When Known

# Faster and more accurate
result = model.transcribe("audio.mp3", language="en")

# Instead of auto-detection
result = model.transcribe("audio.mp3")  # Slower

3. Use Appropriate Temperature

# Recommended for most cases
result = model.transcribe("audio.mp3", temperature=0.0)

# For creative content (not recommended for transcription)
result = model.transcribe("audio.mp3", temperature=0.2)

4. Provide Context with Initial Prompt

# Technical content
result = model.transcribe(
    "meeting.mp3",
    initial_prompt="This meeting discusses software architecture, APIs, and deployment strategies."
)

# Medical content
result = model.transcribe(
    "consultation.mp3",
    initial_prompt="This is a medical consultation about patient symptoms and treatment."
)

5. Reuse Model Instances

# Load once, reuse multiple times
model = whisper.load_model("base")

# Process multiple files
for audio_file in ["file1.mp3", "file2.mp3", "file3.mp3"]:
    result = model.transcribe(audio_file)
    # Process result...

6. Handle Long Audio Files

import whisper
from pydub import AudioSegment

def transcribe_long_audio(audio_path, chunk_length_ms=600000):  # 10 minutes
    """Transcribe long audio by splitting into chunks."""
    model = whisper.load_model("base")
    
    # Load audio
    audio = AudioSegment.from_file(audio_path)
    duration_ms = len(audio)
    
    all_text = []
    all_segments = []
    
    # Process in chunks
    for i in range(0, duration_ms, chunk_length_ms):
        chunk = audio[i:i + chunk_length_ms]
        chunk_path = f"chunk_{i}.wav"
        chunk.export(chunk_path, format="wav")
        
        result = model.transcribe(chunk_path)
        all_text.append(result["text"])
        all_segments.extend(result["segments"])
        
        # Clean up chunk file
        os.remove(chunk_path)
    
    return {
        "text": " ".join(all_text),
        "segments": all_segments
    }

---

Common Issues and Solutions

Issue 1: FFmpeg Not Found

# Install FFmpeg
# macOS
brew install ffmpeg

# Ubuntu/Debian
sudo apt install ffmpeg

# Verify
ffmpeg -version

Issue 2: Out of Memory

# Use smaller model
model = whisper.load_model("base")  # Instead of "large"

# Or use CPU
import torch
model = whisper.load_model("base", device="cpu")

# Or process in chunks (see above)

Issue 3: Slow Transcription

# Use GPU if available
import torch
device = "cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu"
model = whisper.load_model("base", device=device)

# Use smaller model
model = whisper.load_model("tiny")  # or "base"

# Reduce beam size (faster but slightly less accurate)
result = model.transcribe("audio.mp3", beam_size=1)

Issue 4: Poor Accuracy

# Use larger model
model = whisper.load_model("medium")  # or "large"

# Specify language
result = model.transcribe("audio.mp3", language="en")

# Provide context
result = model.transcribe(
    "audio.mp3",
    initial_prompt="Context about the audio content..."
)

# Use optimal settings
result = model.transcribe(
    "audio.mp3",
    temperature=0.0,
    beam_size=5,
    best_of=5
)

---

Use Cases

1. Podcast Transcription

model = whisper.load_model("medium")
result = model.transcribe("podcast.mp3", language="en")

# Save transcript
with open("podcast_transcript.txt", "w") as f:
    f.write(result["text"])

2. YouTube Subtitle Generation

model = whisper.load_model("base")
result = model.transcribe("video.mp4", language="en")

# Generate SRT
# (Use CLI: whisper video.mp4 --output_format srt)

3. Meeting Notes

model = whisper.load_model("base")
result = model.transcribe(
    "meeting.mp3",
    language="en",
    initial_prompt="This is a business meeting discussing project updates and deadlines."
)

# Save with timestamps
for segment in result["segments"]:
    print(f"[{segment['start']:.0f}s] {segment['text']}")

4. Interview Transcription

model = whisper.load_model("medium")
result = model.transcribe("interview.mp3", language="en")

# Export for editing
with open("interview.txt", "w") as f:
    for segment in result["segments"]:
        f.write(f"[{segment['start']:.2f}s] {segment['text']}\n")

5. Multilingual Content Translation

model = whisper.load_model("base")

# Translate to English
result = model.transcribe("spanish_audio.mp3", task="translate")
print(result["text"])  # English translation

---

Whisper vs Alternatives

Feature	Whisper	Cloud APIs	Faster-Whisper
Cost	Free	Paid per minute	Free
Offline	✅	❌	✅
Speed	Medium	Fast	Fast (2-4×)
Accuracy	High	High	High (same)
Setup	Easy	Very Easy	Easy
Real-time	❌	✅	❌
Privacy	✅ Local	❌ Cloud	✅ Local

• You want free, offline transcription
• Privacy is important
• You have control over infrastructure
• Processing batch files or archived content

• You need real-time transcription
• You want managed infrastructure
• You have budget for API costs
• You need enterprise support

---

Next Steps

• Whisper Python Example - More detailed Python examples
• Faster-Whisper Guide - 2-4× faster transcription
• Whisper Accuracy Tips - Improve transcription quality
• Whisper Transcript Formatting - Format outputs (SRT, VTT, JSON)
• Whisper for Meetings - Meeting-specific transcription

---

Conclusion

• Whisper supports 99+ languages with high accuracy
• Choose the right model size for your needs
• Specify language when known for better performance
• Use word timestamps for precise timing
• Reuse model instances for multiple files
• Consider faster-whisper for production deployments

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